Which Refund Path Applies to You
If you used federal student loans and your school closed while you were enrolled (or you withdrew no more than 180 days before it closed), you may qualify for a Closed School Discharge under 34 CFR § 685.214: the Department of Education cancels the loans for that program, refunds payments already made on them, and has any negative credit history for those loans removed. Some closures trigger automatic discharge roughly a year after the closure date if you didn’t transfer via a teach-out; otherwise you apply directly with your loan servicer.
If your school didn’t close but misrepresented itself — for example, lying about job placement rates, program accreditation, or transferability of credits, or violating state law in a way that caused you financial harm — you may have a Borrower Defense to Repayment claim under 34 CFR § 685.222. As of 2026, applications are evaluated under the 2019 regulatory standard (restored for loans disbursed on/after July 1, 2020, following the One Big Beautiful Bill Act signed July 2025), which requires showing the school misled you and that you suffered financial harm as a result — a higher bar than under some earlier proposed rules. Processing can take a long time, historically up to several years, though a 2026 court settlement (Sweet v. McMahon) has forced faster resolution for some backlogged applicants. verify current processing timelines and regulatory standard at studentaid.gov before relying on a specific figure, since this area has changed significantly in 2025-2026
If you paid cash (no federal loans) at a state-licensed private or vocational school, your refund rights instead come from state law — for example, California’s Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE) requires a minimum cancellation period (generally through the end of the first class session or 7 days after signing, whichever is later) and a mandated pro-rata refund formula for later withdrawal. verify your specific state’s cancellation period and refund formula — this varies significantly by state
What You Can Actually Recover
The remedy depends entirely on which path applies — they are not interchangeable
Closed School Discharge
Full discharge of the federal loans taken for that program, a refund of payments already made on them, and removal of related negative credit history.
Borrower Defense to Repayment
Discharge of federal loans tied to the misrepresentation, and potentially a refund of amounts already paid — but only for the financial harm the misrepresentation caused, evaluated under the current 2019 regulatory standard.
State cancellation/pro-rata refund (cash payers)
A refund calculated by your state’s formula for the unused portion of the program — in California, no less than the amount paid minus the value of instruction actually provided, paid or credited within 45 days of cancellation/withdrawal.
Outside the US: The UK Model — Student Protection Plans Instead of Loan Discharge
The UK approaches course and provider failure from the opposite direction to the US: instead of discharging student loans after the fact, England's higher-education regulator, the Office for Students (OfS), requires registered providers to have an approved "student protection plan" in place before problems occur (ongoing condition of registration C3). The plan must set out what happens if a course, campus, or the whole provider closes — with continuation ("teach-out") arrangements or transfer support as the primary remedy, and the provider's refund and compensation policy as the backstop where continuation isn't possible. The plan must be published so current and prospective students can actually read it.
This regime is in active flux: an OfS consultation on reshaping these protections (including proposals to replace standalone student protection plans with broader "treating students fairly" requirements) closed on 9 July 2026, with final decisions expected in autumn 2026 — so the exact mechanics may change. verify the current state of OfS student-protection requirements at officeforstudents.org.uk before relying on the plan-based framework
Practically, a UK student whose course is closed or materially changed complains first through the provider's own complaints process, and for most higher-education providers in England and Wales can then escalate to the Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education (OIA), a free ombudsman-style scheme that can recommend refunds or compensation. UK consumer law also applies directly to the student-provider contract — a contract-law route the US federal discharge system has no direct equivalent for. verify OIA eligibility for your specific provider type
What Falls Outside Both Federal Discharge Paths
Closed School Discharge and Borrower Defense to Repayment reach only federal loans made under Title IV of the Higher Education Act (Direct Loans, and for some purposes older FFEL/Perkins loans). Private student loans are not covered by either program — if you financed a failed program with a private loan, your options are the loan's own terms, any state-law claims against the school, and (where the contract includes it) the FTC Holder Rule notice that lets you raise the school's misconduct against the current holder of the loan. Do not assume a "student loan" is dischargeable through studentaid.gov without first confirming it is actually a federal Title IV loan.
The program itself must also have been Title IV-eligible for the federal paths to exist at all: many coding bootcamps, continuing-education certificates, test-prep courses, and unaccredited vocational programs do not participate in federal student aid, so a student at one of these has no Closed School Discharge or Borrower Defense route regardless of how the program was paid for. For these programs, the state private-postsecondary licensing regime (where the state has one), ordinary contract and consumer-protection law, and card-dispute rights for recent payments are the real toolkit. verify whether your specific program participated in Title IV — your loan servicer or studentaid.gov account history shows this
Timing inside the closure window matters more than borrowers expect: withdrawing more than 180 days before the school's official closure date defeats Closed School Discharge eligibility even if the school's decline was already obvious when you left, unless the Department exercises its authority to extend the window for exceptional circumstances. The official closure date — which can differ from when teaching actually stopped — is the anchor, so confirm it rather than estimating from memory. verify the Department's recorded closure date for your school
How to Pursue a Refund, Step by Step
Start by identifying which of the three paths actually applies to your situation
Identify your loan status and the school’s status
Determine whether you have federal loans, whether the school closed or is still operating, and whether you believe it misrepresented the program — this determines which application (Closed School Discharge vs. Borrower Defense) is relevant, if any.
For a closed school, apply for Closed School Discharge
Submit the Loan Discharge Application: School Closure form to your federal loan servicer; some borrowers qualify for automatic discharge roughly a year after closure without applying, if they didn’t transfer to a teach-out arrangement.
For misrepresentation, apply for Borrower Defense to Repayment
Submit an application at studentaid.gov/borrower-defense describing the specific misrepresentation and the financial harm it caused — be as specific and evidence-backed as possible, since the current standard requires proving both the misrepresentation and resulting harm.
For cash payments at a state-licensed private/vocational school, invoke your state’s cancellation and refund rules
Cancel in writing within your state’s cancellation window if you haven’t started, or request the state-mandated pro-rata refund if you withdrew later — file a complaint with your state’s private postsecondary education regulator if the school doesn’t comply.
Keep enrollment, payment, and communication records throughout
Save your enrollment agreement, payment receipts, marketing materials (which may contain the misrepresentation itself), and any withdrawal or closure notices — these are the core evidence for any of the three paths.
Documents to gather
- Enrollment agreement and program marketing materials
- Payment receipts and federal loan disbursement records (if applicable)
- Any closure notice, teach-out offer, or withdrawal correspondence
- Evidence of the specific misrepresentation, if claiming Borrower Defense (e.g., false job-placement statistics)
Timelines and Limitation Periods
The clock and the qualifying window differ by path
Closed School Discharge eligibility hinges on when you withdrew relative to the closure date, not a filing deadline after the fact — apply as soon as you can once you know your school has closed.
| Jurisdiction | Limitation Period |
|---|---|
| US — Closed School Discharge eligibility window | Enrolled at closure, or withdrew not more than 180 days before the closure date |
| US — Closed School Discharge automatic processing | Roughly 1 year after closure if you didn’t transfer via a teach-out (no application needed) |
| US — Borrower Defense to Repayment application | No fixed filing deadline as of 2026, but processing can take up to several years verify current timeline at studentaid.gov |
| US — state cancellation period (e.g., California BPPE) | Through the end of the first class session or 7 days after signing, whichever is later verify your specific state’s period |
| US — state pro-rata refund payment deadline (California BPPE) | 45 days after cancellation or withdrawal |
Realistic Outcomes and Caveats
Closed School Discharge is the most reliably successful of the three paths when you clearly meet the eligibility window, since it doesn’t require proving fault — just enrollment status relative to the closure date.
Borrower Defense to Repayment has become substantially harder to win since 2025-2026 regulatory changes restored a stricter standard, and processing delays have been a persistent, well-documented problem — approach it as a real but slow and evidence-intensive path, not a quick fix.
State cancellation/refund rules for cash payers are usually the fastest path when the school is still operating and cooperative, but enforcement against an uncooperative school generally requires a complaint to the state regulator or small-claims court.
Common Pitfalls
Assuming a closed school automatically means an automatic refund
Some borrowers do get automatic discharge, but many need to apply — check your specific situation rather than assuming it happens without action.
Filing a Borrower Defense claim without documenting the specific misrepresentation
General dissatisfaction with a program is not enough — you need to show a specific misrepresentation and the financial harm it caused, under the current regulatory standard.
Missing a state cancellation window because you assumed you had longer
State cancellation periods for private/vocational schools can be short (as little as 7 days after signing in some formulations) — cancel in writing immediately if you decide not to proceed.
Confusing federal loan discharge paths with a refund of cash payments
Closed School Discharge and Borrower Defense only address federal loan balances and payments made on those loans — a separate state-law claim may be needed for amounts paid in cash.
Organize Your Education Course Refund Case
Use the calculator to identify which refund path applies and organize your enrollment and payment records.
Organize Your Education Course Refund Case
Use the calculator to identify which refund path applies and organize your enrollment and payment records.
This stays in your private workspace until you choose a next step. It does not submit a claim on your behalf on its own.
Official and Legal References
- Federal Student Aid — Closed School Discharge
- eCFR — 34 CFR § 685.214 (Closed school discharge)
- Federal Student Aid — Borrower Defense to Repayment
- California BPPE — Minimum Operating Standards: Refund Policies
- FTC — Holder Rule (16 CFR Part 433) business guidance
- Cornell LII — 34 CFR § 685.214 (Closed school discharge, full regulatory text)
- Office for Students — Student Protection Plans (Condition C3)
Federal Loan Discharge vs. State Cash-Payer Refund Rules
Borrowers who used federal student loans have two specific federal discharge programs (Closed School Discharge, Borrower Defense to Repayment) that address the loan itself. Students who paid cash have no equivalent federal program and instead rely on their state’s private/vocational-school licensing law, which varies considerably — some states have detailed pro-rata refund formulas (like California’s BPPE rules) and others have much thinner consumer protections. Check your specific state’s rules if you paid without federal loans.
Frequently Asked Questions
Real edge cases, answered in plain language
My school is still open but the program was nothing like advertised — do I need to wait for it to close?
What happened to the Sweet v. McMahon settlement in 2026?
Can I get both a Closed School Discharge and pursue a state refund complaint?
I financed my bootcamp with a private loan — can I use Borrower Defense?
Organize Your Education Course Refund Case
Use the calculator to identify which refund path applies and organize your enrollment and payment records.